This new technology leads to (a) increased interfacial area, (b) enhanced mass transfer of molecules between the two phases, (c) simplified reaction/separation processes by using a recoverable solid catalyst instead of surfactants, and (d) effective separation of products from the reaction mixture by differences in their water/oil solubility and thus avoiding distillation that leads to product decomposition. Additionally, when solid nanoparticles with amphiphilic character and catalytic activity are employed in biphasic systems, it is possible to simultaneously stabilize the liquid–liquid interface and catalyze chemical reactions. One promising alternative to accomplish this process intensification is the utilization of biphasic emulsion systems, where products and reactants can be separated based on differences in solubility. We conclude this contribution with an outlook of the current bottlenecks in the commercial exploitation of the technology and the possible future directions in which PIC can be employed to facilitate the energy transition and the C-circular economy.Ībstract = "The development of reactive-separation processes, in which products are separated from the reaction media (i.e., reactants and catalysts) in a single reaction unit, is of great interest in industry as energy-intensive separation processes can be obviated. To this end, the present tutorial review explores the fundamentals of Pickering interfacial catalysis (PIC) and its application in biomass upgrading (upgrading of sugars and pyrolysis oil), biogas to liquid products via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and biodiesel production in the context of the United Nations sustainable development goals. The salt effect (a) and the existence of a maximal droplet size (b) confirm that an asymmetric electrical double layer causes preferred curvature of the oil-water interface.The development of reactive-separation processes, in which products are separated from the reaction media (i.e., reactants and catalysts) in a single reaction unit, is of great interest in industry as energy-intensive separation processes can be obviated. Around a ratio of 15, however, a transition occurs to region II, where the droplet size remains constant by expelling within 1 day all additional TPM, which settles to the bottom of the flask see inset. In region I, the droplet size initially increases linearly with the TPM-magnetite ratio, because droplet size is determined by a constant interfacial area per adsorbed particle. Red dots: Diameters from DLS on diluted samples of the upper phase of emulsions in the insert. (b) TEM diameters (black dots) of polymerized droplets as a function of the TPM-magnetite weight ratio for a fixed magnetite concentration of 1 mg / L. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) manifests growth of monodisperse droplets: Decay time Γ depends linearly on the wave vector K squared. Figure 3(a) About 30 min after adding 10 mM NaCl to a magnetite-stabilized emulsion (droplet radius 36 nm), the emulsion turbidity increases due to spontaneous droplet growth to a final radius of R = 50 nm reached after 12 h.
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